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List of governors of Puerto Rico

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See also: Governor of Puerto Rico

La Fortaleza in Old San Juan is the official residence of the governor of Puerto Rico. It was built between 1533 and 1540.
History of Puerto Rico
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This list of governors of Puerto Rico includes all persons who have held that post, either under Spanish or American rule. The governor of Puerto Rico is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The position was first established by the Spanish Empire during the 16th century following the archipelago's colonization.

The first person to officially occupy the position was Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León in 1509.[1] At the time, the Spanish monarchy was responsible for appointing the functionary who would perform this office. The first native Puerto Rican to perform the function was Juan Ponce de León II, as interim governor in 1579. During this administration, all of those appointed to take the position had served another function within the empire's government or the Roman Catholic Church. In 1898, the United States invaded Puerto Rico and the Spanish government ceded control of the island to the United States. During the first two years, the entire government in Puerto Rico was appointed by the president of the United States. In 1900, the American government approved the establishment of the Foraker Act as a federal law, this act established a civilian government in the island. In 1947, the federal Elective Governor Act was enacted, which created a new system where, since 1948, the governor is elected through a democratic process every four years. The governor is in charge of Puerto Rico's executive branch and is responsible for appointing executive branch agency heads, including the Secretary of State, who fulfills the role of lieutenant governor, the legislative branch's ombudsman and comptroller and all judges in the judicial branch.

Duties and succession

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The standard (flag) and seal of the governor of Puerto Rico
Juan Ponce de León II, 28th governor of Puerto Rico, grandson of the first governor, and the first born in the island to become governor.

In the governor's absence, or if the governor dies or is unable to perform the executive duties, the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico takes control of the executive position, as acting governor during a temporary absence or inability, and as governor in case of death, resignation or impeachment and conviction.[2] The elected governor must designate a number of secretaries and other agency heads that will control the individual administrative agencies during his time in office, the selected secretaries are in charge of the island's health, natural resources, economy, correctional and judicial agencies and the department of consumer concerns, among others. The Governor's four-year term begins on January 2, the day after the New Year's Day holiday.

On July 24, 2019, Ricardo Rosselló became the first governor to resign his office. This happened after more than a week of protests due to a chain of corruption arrests and a leaked Telegram chat which contained offensive remarks made by the governor.

List of governors of Puerto Rico

[edit]
Century
16th – 17th – 18th – 19th – 20th – 21st

Governors under Spanish Crown

[edit]
No. Portrait Governor
(Birth–Death) 		Took office Left office Ref(s)
1 Captain General Don

Juan Ponce de León (1st time)
1474 – July 1521
(aged c. 47)

June 15, 1508 October 28, 1509 [3][4]
2 Juan Cerón October 28, 1509 March 2, 1510 [5]
3 Captain General Don

Juan Ponce de León (2nd time)

March 2, 1510 November 28, 1511 [3]
4 Juan Cerón November 28, 1511 June 2, 1512 [5][4]
5 Rodrigo Moscoso June 2, 1512 1513 [6]
6 Captain General

Cristóbal de Mendoza

1513 1515 [7][4]
7 Captain General Don

Juan Ponce de León (3rd time)

July 15, 1515 September 12, 1519 [6]
8 Sánchez Velázquez 1514 1519 [7][4]
9 Antonio de la Gama 1519 1521 [7][4]
10 Pedro Moreno 1521 1523 [7][4]
11 Bishop

Alonso Manso

1523 1524 [7]
12 Pedro Moreno 1524 1528 [7][4]
13 Antonio de la Gama 1528 1530 [7][4]
14 Lieutenant General

Francisco Manuel de Landó

1530 1536 [7][4]
15 Vasco de Tiedra 1536 1537 [7][4]
16 Vasco de Tiedra 1537 1544 [7]
17 Jerónimo Lebrón de Quiñones 1544 1544 [7][4]
18 Lcdo.

Iñigo López Cervantes y Loayza

1544 1546 [7]
19 Lcdo.

Diego de Caraza

1546 1548 [7]
20 Diego de Caraza 1548 1550 [7]
21 Luis de Vallejo 1550 1555 [7][4]
22 Lcdo.

Alonso Esteves

1555 1555 [7]
23 Lcdo.

Diego de Caraza

1555 1561 [7]
24 Antonio de la Llama Vallejo 1561 1564 [7]
25

Francisco Bahamonde De Lugo

1564 1568 [7]
26 Francisco de Solís Osorio 1568 1574 [7]
27 Francisco de Obando y Mexia 1575 1579 [7]
28 Juan Ponce de León II 1579 1579 [8]
29 Jerónimo de Agüero Campuzano 1580 1580 [7]
30 Captain General

Juan de Céspedes

1580 1581 [7][4]
31 Captain General

Juan López Melgarejo

1581 1582 [7][9]
32 Captain General

Diego Menéndez de Valdés

June 12, 1582 May 11, 1593 [7][4][10]
33 Colonel

Pedro Suárez de Coronel (1st time)

May 11, 1593 December 18, 1597 [7][4]
34 Captain General

Antonio de Mosquera

December 18, 1597 August 13, 1598 [7]
35 Colonel

Pedro Suárez de Coronel (2nd time)

November 23, 1598 March 22, 1599 [7]
36 Captain General

Alonso de Mercado

March 22, 1599 July 15, 1601 [7][4]
37 Captain General

Sancho Ochoa de Castro

July 15, 1601 July 22, 1608 [7][4]
38 Gabriel de Rojas Párano July 22, 1608 September 14, 1614 [7]
39 Captain General Felipe de Beaumont y Navarra[4] September 14, 1614 June 1, 1619 [7]
40 Juan de Vargas June 1, 1619 August 29, 1625 [7][4]
41 Captain General Juan de Haro y Sanvítores August 29, 1625 January 24, 1631 [7][4]
42 Captain General Enrique Enriquez de Sotomayor January 24, 1631 February 23, 1635 [7]
43 Captain General Iñigo de la Mota Sarmiento February 23, 1635 May 16, 1640 [7][4]
44 Captain General Agustín de Silva y Figueroa May 16, 1640 December 2, 1641 [7]
45 Captain General Juan de Bolaños December 2, 1641 July 9, 1643 [7]
46 Fernando de la Riva Agüero y Setien July 9, 1643 May 24, 1649 [7][4]
47 Diego de Aguilera y Gamboa May 24, 1649 1655 [7]
48 José Novoa y Moscoso Pérez y Buitron 1655 August 15, 1660 [7]
49 Captain General Juan Pérez de Guzmán y Chagoyen August 15, 1660 November 23, 1664 [7][4]
50 Jerónimo de Velasco November 23, 1664 June 23, 1670 [7][4]
51 Gaspar de Arteaga y Aunoavidao June 23, 1670 March 17, 1674 [11][4]
52 Diego Roblandillo March 17, 1674 August 20, 1674 [11][4]
53 Captain General Baltazar Figueroa y Castilla August 20, 1674 April 6, 1675 [11][4]
54 Alonso de Campos y Espinosa April 6, 1675 August 22, 1678 [11][4]
55 Juan de Robles Lorenzana August 22, 1678 July 18, 1683 [11][4]
56 Captain General Gaspar Martínez de Andino July 18, 1683 1685 [11][4]
57 Juan Francisco Medina 1685 1690 [11]
58 Gaspar de Arredondo y Valle 1690 1695 [11][4]
59 Juan Francisco Medina 1695 1697 [11]
60 Tomás Franco 1697 1698 [11][4]
61 Antonio de Robles Silva 1698 1699 [11][4]
62 Gabriel Suárez de Ribera October 17, 1699 July 23, 1703 [11]
63 Diego Jiménez de Villarán 1703 1703 [11][4]
64 Francisco Sánchez Calderón 1703 1703 [11][4]
65 Pedro Arroyo y Guerrero 1704 1705 [11][4]
66 Juan Francisco López de Morla 1706 1706 [11][4]
67 Francisco Danío Granados 1706 1708 [11][4]
68 Colonel Juan de Ribera July 18, 1711 February 12, 1715 [11][4]
69 José Francisco Carreño February 12, 1715 May 3, 1716 [11][4]
70 Alfonso Bortodano May 3, 1716 April 7, 1720 [11]
71 Francisco Danio Granados April 7, 1720 August 22, 1724 [11][4]
72 Captain General José Antonio de Mendizabal y Azcue August 22, 1724 October 11, 1730 [11][4]
73 Lieutenant Colonel Matías de Abadía October 11, 1731 June 28, 1743 [11][4]
74 Domingo Pérez de Mandares June 28, 1743 October 29, 1744 [11]
75 Colonel Juan José Colomo October 29, 1744 August 11, 1750 [11][4]
76 Colonel Agustín de Parejas August 11, 1750 July 8, 1751 [11][4]
77 Lieutenant Colonel Esteban Bravo de Rivero July 8, 1751 May 1, 1753 [11][4]
78 Captain General Felipe Ramírez de Estenos May 1, 1753 August 30, 1757 [11][4]
79 Esteban Bravo de Rivero August 30, 1757 June 3, 1759 [11]
80 Mateo de Guaso Calderón June 3, 1759 March 7, 1760 [11][4]
81 Esteban Bravo de Rivero March 7, 1760 April 20, 1761 [11]
82 Lieutenant Colonel Ambrosio de Benavides April 20, 1761 March 12, 1766 [11]
83 Colonel Marcos de Vergara March 12, 1766 October 28, 1766 [11][4]
84 Lieutenant Colonel José Trentor October 28, 1766 July 31, 1770 [11][4]
85 Colonel Miguel de Muesas July 31, 1770 June 2, 1776 [11][12][4]
86 Colonel José Dufresne June 2, 1776 April 6, 1783 [11][4]
87 Field Marshal Don Juan Andrés Daban y Busterino April 6, 1783 March 27, 1789 [11][4]
88 Coronel Francisco Torralbo y Robles March 27, 1789 July 8, 1789 [11]
89 Brigadier General Miguel Antonio de Ustáriz July 8, 1789 May 19, 1792 [6][4]
90 Coronel Francisco Torralbo y Robles May 19, 1792 March 10, 1793 [11][4]
91 Brigadier General Enrique Grimarest March 10, 1793 March 21, 1795 [6]
92 Field Marshal Don Ramón de Castro y Gutiérrez March 21, 1795 November 12, 1804 [11][4]
93 Toribio Montes November 12, 1804 June 3, 1809 [11]
94 Salvador Meléndez Bruna June 30, 1809 March 22, 1820 [11][13][4]
95 Brigadier General Juan Vasco y Pascual March 24, 1820 August 7, 1820 [11][4]
96 Brigadier General Gonzalo Arostegui y Herrera August 7, 1820 February 12, 1822 [11][4]
97 Coronel José de Navarro February 12, 1822 May 30, 1822 [11][4]
98 Francisco González de Linares May 30, 1822 December 4, 1823 [11]
99 Lieutenant General Miguel Luciano de La Torre y Pando December 4, 1823 January 14, 1837 [11][4]
100 Francisco Javier de Moreda y Prieto January 14, 1837 December 15, 1837 [11]
101 Field Marshal Miguel López de Baños December 15, 1837 October 2, 1840 [11][4]
102 Lieutenant General Santiago Méndez de Vigo October 2, 1840 March 11, 1844 [11][4]
103 Lieutenant General Rafael de Aristegui y Vélez March 11, 1844 December 15, 1847 [11]
104 Field Marshal Don Juan Prim de Prats y Gonzalez December 15, 1847 September 12, 1848 [14]
105 Lieutenant General Juan de la Pezuela y Cevallos September 12, 1848 April 23, 1851 [15][16]
106 Enrique de España y Taberner April 23, 1851 August 23, 1852 [6]
107 Lieutenant General Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero August 23, 1852 January 31, 1855 [6]
108 Lieutenant General Andrés García Camba January 31, 1855 August 23, 1855 [6]
109 Lieutenant General José Lemery Ibrarrola Ney y Gonzalez August 23, 1855 January 28, 1857 [6]
110 Lieutenant General Fernando Cotoner y Chacon January 28, 1857 July 31, 1860 [6]
111 Sabino Gamir Maladen July 31, 1860 August 19, 1860 [6]
112 Lieutenant General Rafael Echague y Bermingham August 19, 1860 February 17, 1862 [6]
113 Brigadier General Rafael Izquierdo y Gutierrez February 17, 1862 April 29, 1862 [6]
114 Lieutenant General Félix María de Messina Iglesias April 29, 1862 November 18, 1865 [6]
115 Lieutenant General José María Marchessi y Oleaga November 18, 1865 November 17, 1867 [6]
116 General Julián Juan Pavia Lacy November 17, 1867 December 30, 1868 [6]
117 General José Laureano Sanz y Posse December 30, 1868 May 21, 1870 [6][17]
118 Lieutenant General Gabriel Baldrich April 4, 1870 September 13, 1871 [6]
119 General Ramón Gómez Pulido September 13, 1871 July 30, 1872 [6]
120 General Simón de la Torre Ormaza July 30, 1872 November 5, 1872 [6]
121 Brigadier General Joaquín Eurile Hernan November 5, 1872 February 14, 1873 [6]
122 Lieutenant General Juan Martínez Plowes February 14, 1873 March 25, 1873 [6]
123 General Rafael Primo de Rivera y Sobremonte March 25, 1873 February 2, 1874 [6]
124 General José Laureano Sanz y Posse February 2, 1874 December 16, 1875 [6][17]
125 General Segundo de la Portilla Gutierrez December 16, 1875 January 24, 1877 [6]
126 General Manuel de la Serna Hernandez y Pinzón January 24, 1877 April 26, 1878 [6]
127 General José Gamir Maladen April 26, 1878 June 24, 1878 [6]
128 General Eulogio Despujols y Dussay June 24, 1878 July 7, 1881 [6]
129 General Segundo de la Portilla Gutierrez July 7, 1881 November 23, 1883 [6]
130 General Miguel de la Vega Inclán y Palma November 23, 1883 July 31, 1884 [6]
131 General Don Carlos Suances Campos July 31, 1884 September 19, 1884 [6]
132 General Ramón Fajardo Izquierdo September 19, 1884 November 25, 1884 [6]
133 General Luis Daban y Ramírez de Arellanó November 25, 1884 March 23, 1887 [6]
134 General Romualdo Palacios Gonzalez March 23, 1887 November 9, 1887 [6]
135 General Juan Contreras Martinez November 9, 1887 February 25, 1888 [6]
136 General Pedro Ruiz Dana February 25, 1888 April 18, 1890 [6]
137 Brigadier General José Pascual Bonanza 1890 1890 [6]
138 General José Lasso y Pérez 1890 1893 [6]
139 Antonio Daban - 1895 General Antonio Daban y Ramírez de Arrellanó January 10, 1893 June 22, 1895 [6]
140 General José Gamir Maladen June 22, 1895 January 17, 1896 [6]
141 General Emilio March January 17, 1896 February 15, 1896 [6]
142 General Sabas Marín González February 15, 1896 January 4, 1898 [18]
143 General Ricardo de Ortega y Diez January 4, 1898 January 11, 1898 [19]
144 General Andrés González Muñoz January 11, 1898 January 11, 1898 [20][21]
145 General Ricardo de Ortega y Diez January 11, 1898 February 2, 1898 [19]
146 General Manuel Macías Casado February 2, 1898 October 14, 1898 [22]
147 General Ricardo de Ortega y Diez October 14, 1898 October 16, 1898 [19]
148 Captain Ángel Rivero Méndez October 16, 1898 October 18, 1898 [23]

Governors under U.S. colonial administration

[edit]

Military government

[edit]
No. Image Name Took office Left office Reference
149 Commanding General Nelson A. Miles July 25, 1898 October 18, 1898
150 Major General John R. Brooke October 18, 1898 December 6, 1898 [24]
151 Major General Guy Vernor Henry December 6, 1898 May 9, 1899
152 Major General George Whitefield Davis May 9, 1899 May 1, 1900 [6]

Post-Foraker Act of 1900

[edit]
No. Image Name Took office Left office Notes Reference
153 Charles Herbert Allen May 1, 1900 September 15, 1901 First U.S. civil governor appointed by President William McKinley [25]
154 William Henry Hunt September 15, 1901 July 4, 1904 [26]
155 Beekman Winthrop July 4, 1904 April 17, 1907 [7]
156 Regis Henri Post April 17, 1907 November 6, 1909 [7]
157 George Radcliffe Colton November 6, 1909 November 15, 1913 [7]
158 Arthur Yager November 15, 1913 May 15, 1921 Classmate of President Woodrow Wilson. With his support, the United States Congress adopted the Jones-Shafroth Act [27]
159 José E. Benedicto May 15, 1921 July 30, 1921 Interim governor [7]
160 Emmet Montgomery Reily July 30, 1921 February 16, 1923 [28]
161 Juan Bernardo Huyke February 16, 1923 April 1, 1923 Interim governor [7]
162 Horace Mann Towner April 1, 1923 September 29, 1929 [29]
163 James R. Beverley September 29, 1929 September 9, 1929 The only non-Puerto Rican appointee of 15 from 1900 to 1952 who could speak Spanish before going there. [7]
164 Theodore Roosevelt Jr. September 9, 1929 January 30, 1932 [30]
165 James R. Beverley 2nd Term January 30, 1932 July 3, 1933 [7]
166 Robert Hayes Gore July 3, 1933 January 11, 1934 [31]
167 Benjamin Jason Horton January 11, 1934 February 5, 1934 [7]
168 Blanton C. Winship February 5, 1934 June 25, 1939 Summarily removed by President Roosevelt on May 12, 1939.[32][33] [34]
169 José E. Colón June 25, 1939 September 11, 1939 Interim governor [6]
170 William D. Leahy September 11, 1939 November 28, 1940 [35]
171 José Miguel Gallardo November 28, 1940 February 3, 1941 Interim governor [6]
172 Guy J. Swope February 3, 1941 July 24, 1941 [36]
173 José Miguel Gallardo July 24, 1941 September 19, 1941 Interim governor [6]
174 Rexford Tugwell September 19, 1941 September 2, 1946 [37]
175 Jesús T. Piñero September 2, 1946 January 2, 1949 Only native Puerto Rican governor appointed under US colonial administration [38]

Governors under the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

[edit]

  New Progressive Party (7)
  Popular Democratic Party (7)

US party affiliation

  Democratic Party (10)
  Republican Party (3)
  Independent (1)

No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term Duration Party Election National Party
Affiliation
176 Luis Muñoz Marín
(1898–1980)[39] 		January 2, 1949

–

January 2, 1965

16 years Popular Democratic 1948 Independent[a]
1952
1956
1960
177 Roberto Sánchez Vilella
(1913–1997)[41] 		January 2, 1965

–

January 2, 1969

4 years Popular Democratic 1964 Democratic[b]
178 Luis A. Ferré
(1904–2003)[43] 		January 2, 1969

–

January 2, 1973

4 years New Progressive 1968 Republican[c]
179 Rafael Hernández Colón
(1936–2019)[45][46] 		January 2, 1973

–

January 2, 1977

4 years Popular Democratic 1972 Democratic[d]
180 Carlos Romero Barceló
(1932–2021)[48][49] 		January 2, 1977

–

January 2, 1985

8 years New Progressive 1976 Democratic[d]
1980
181 Rafael Hernández Colón
(1936–2019)[45][46] 		January 2, 1985

–

January 2, 1993

8 years Popular Democratic 1984 Democratic[d]
1988
182
Pedro Rosselló
(b. 1944)[50] 		January 2, 1993

–

January 2, 2001

8 years New Progressive 1992 Democratic[51]
1996
183 Sila María Calderón
(b. 1942)[52] 		January 2, 2001

–

January 2, 2005

4 years Popular Democratic 2000 Democratic[e]
184 Aníbal Acevedo Vilá
(b. 1962)[54] 		January 2, 2005

–

January 2, 2009

4 years Popular Democratic 2004 Democratic[f]
185 Luis Fortuño
(b. 1960) 		January 2, 2009

–

January 2, 2013

4 years New Progressive 2008 Republican[56]
186 Alejandro García Padilla
(b. 1971) 		January 2, 2013

–

January 2, 2017

4 years Popular Democratic 2012 Democratic[g]
187 Ricardo Rosselló
(b. 1979) 		January 2, 2017

–

August 2, 2019

2 years, 212 days New Progressive 2016 Democratic[58]
– Pedro Pierluisi
(b. 1959)
De facto 		August 2, 2019

– August 7, 2019

5 days New Progressive None[h] Democratic[58]
188 Wanda Vázquez Garced
(b. 1960)
Constitutional appointment 		August 7, 2019

–

January 2, 2021

1 year, 148 days New Progressive None[i] Republican[60]
189 Pedro Pierluisi
(b. 1959) 		January 2, 2021

–

present

3 years, 308 days New Progressive 2020 Democratic[58]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Trías Monge (1995) "Aunque se le percibía como Demócrata e influía decisivamente en las gestiones del Partido Demócrata de Puerto Rico, Muñoz Marín nunca se afilió formalmente a ese partido ni participó en actividad alguna de los partidos políticos estadounidenses."[40]
  2. ^ Metro (2012) "Desde la presidencia de Lyndon B. Johnson y la gobernación de Roberto Sánchez Vilella, no teníamos un presidente demócrata en Washington y un gobernador demócrata en San Juan."[42]
  3. ^ Fernós (2003) "[...]su dirigente Don Luis A. Ferré, presidente del Partido Republicano en Puerto Rico."[44]
  4. ^ a b c Montalvo (2012) "Carlos Romero Barceló y Rafael Hernández Colón son de partidos contrarios en la Isla, pero demócratas en la política estadounidense."[47]
  5. ^ Castilla y León. "[Calderón] pertenece al Partido Popular Democrático de Puerto Rico y al Partido Demócrata de Estados Unidos."[53]
  6. ^ DARN (2011) "[Acevedo Vilá] was an active member of the National Governors Association, the Southern Governors Association and the Democratic Governors Association."[55]
  7. ^ Varela (2013) "[...] Governor Alejandro Padilla, a Democrat [...]"[57]
  8. ^ As Secretary of State, succeeded to the office following the resignation of Ricardo Rosselló. Shortly thereafter, the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico ruled that his assumption of the office was unconstitutional because his nomination as Secretary of State was never confirmed by the Legislature.[59]
  9. ^ As Secretary of Justice, Mrs. Vázquez Garced succeeded to the office following the resignation of Ricardo Rosselló and the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico's ruling that Pedro Pierluisi's succession was invalid because he was not confirmed by both chambers of the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico as Secretary of State.[59]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Puerto Rico". World Statesmen.org. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
  2. ^ "Rama Ejecutiva" (in Spanish). Gobierno del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
  3. ^ a b "Ponce de León, Juan". Infoplease. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk Blanch, José (December 23, 1894). "Directorio comercial é industrial de la isla de Puerto-Rico para 1894. Formado con relaciones oficiales remitidas por los sres. alcaldes municipales de cada localidad" (in Spanish). Puerto-Rico, "La correspondencia". p. 8 – via Internet Archive.
  5. ^ a b "Puerto Rico in the Great Depression". New Deal Network. Archived from the original on November 5, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar "Governors of Puerto Rico - Under Spanish Rule". El Boricua. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay "Puerto Rico - Chronology". World's Statesmen. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  8. ^ Casa Blanca reveals centuries of San Juan history Archived 2009-06-14 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Soler, L.M.D. (1970). Historia de la esclavitud negra en Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Universidad de Puerto Rico, Editorial Universitaria. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8477-0095-0. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  10. ^ "Diego Menéndez de Valdés". Real Academia de la Historia (in Spanish). Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  11. ^ Altagracia Ortiz (January 1, 1983). Eighteenth-century Reforms in the Caribbean: Miguel de Muesas, Governor of Puerto Rico, 1769-76. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-3008-2.
  12. ^ "El capitan general de la Isla de Puerto Rico a todos los vecinos y habitantes de ella : Puerto Rico. Governor (1809–1820 : Meléndez y Bruna)". Internet Archive (in Spanish). October 23, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  13. ^ "Rafael Cordero Molina: Maestro de proceres, Siervo de Dios" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico en breve. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  14. ^ Miller, Paul Gerard (1922). Historia de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Retrieved June 21, 2020 – via Internet Archive.
  15. ^ "A Sketch of the New Spanish Ministers". Empire. December 31, 1856. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
  16. ^ a b "José Laureano Sanz Posse". Real Academia de la Historia (in Spanish). Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  17. ^ "Presencia del ideario masónico en el proyecto revolucionario antillano de Ramón Emeterio Betances" (in Spanish). Universidad de Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  18. ^ a b c "Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte VII" (in Spanish). Coqui.net. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  19. ^ "Teniente general Andrés González Muñoz" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico en breve. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  20. ^ "Puerto Rico's New Governor". timesmachine nytimes.
  21. ^ "Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte VI" (in Spanish). Coqui.net. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  22. ^ "Last Spanish Ruler in Porto Rico Dies". Democrat and Chronicle. February 25, 1930. Retrieved November 29, 2022 – via newspapers.com. Although he served only two days, Rivero was credited with being the last Spanish governor of Porto Rico. He was born here and educated in Spain. He served in the Spanish army until the end of the Spanish-American war and later became an American citizen. Rivero was credited with doing much to create friendly understanding among Spaniards, Porto Ricans and Americans.
  23. ^ "John R. Brooke". Library of Congress. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  24. ^ "Allen, Charles Herbert, (1848 - 1934)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  25. ^ "Hunt, William Henry". Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  26. ^ "Arthur Yager 1908-1913". Georgetown College. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  27. ^ "The Architecture of Power". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  28. ^ "Towner, Horace Mann, (1855 - 1937)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  29. ^ "TR's Family Tree". Theodore Roosevelt Association. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  30. ^ Washington Post (1933), "Warren D. Robbins Minister to Canada; White House Also Chooses Robert H. Gore as Governor of Puerto Rico", Washington Post, no. April 29, 1933, p. 2
  31. ^ Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico. The Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico, editor. 70 pages. May 22, 1937. Published by The Law Library Microform Consortium (LLMC). Archived December 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Accessed on October 30, 2010.
  32. ^ Vito Marcantonio, U.S. Congressman. Five Years of Tyranny. Speech before the U.S. House of Representatives. Cheverote Productions. 14 August 1939. Archived January 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine The entire speech is contained in the Congressional Record August 14, 1939. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  33. ^ Vito Marcantonio. "Five Years of Tyranny". Cheverote Productions. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  34. ^ "William D. Leahy - Biography". Williamdleahy.com (official web site). Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  35. ^ "Swope, Guy Jacob, (1892 - 1969)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  36. ^ "Rexford G. Tugwell (1891–1979)". The Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
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  38. ^ "Luis Muñoz Marín - Biografia". Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
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