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Dolwyddelan

Coordinates: 53°02′31″N 3°53′42″W / 53.042°N 3.895°W / 53.042; -3.895
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Dolwyddelan
View north over Dolwyddelan, with Moel Siabod behind
Dolwyddelan is located in Conwy
Dolwyddelan
Dolwyddelan
Location within Conwy
Population454 [1][2]
OS grid referenceSH730511
Community
  • Dolwyddelan
Principal area
Preserved county
CountryWales
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townDOLWYDDELAN
Postcode districtLL25
Dialling code01690
PoliceNorth Wales
FireNorth Wales
AmbulanceWelsh
UK Parliament
Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament
List of places
UK
Wales
Conwy
53°02′31″N 3°53′42″W / 53.042°N 3.895°W / 53.042; -3.895

Dolwyddelan (English: /ˌdɒlwɪˈðɛlæn/ dol-with-EL-an; Welsh: [ˌdɔlwɪˈðɛlan]; Welsh pronunciationⓘ) is a village and community in Conwy County Borough, Wales. The community occupies most of the valley of the Afon Lledr, and contains the settlements of Dolwyddelan, Pentre Bont, Blaenau Dolwyddelan, and Pont-y-Pant. It lies within Snowdonia, and the surrounding hills are part of the Moelwynion range. The population of the community was recorded as 454 in the 2021 census, and in the 2011 census the proportion of Welsh speakers was recorded as 50.8%.[3][4]

Dolwyddelan was a centre within the Kingdom of Gwynedd in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries; it is likely that Prince Llywelyn the Great was born in Tomen Castell, west of the village, in c. 1173. Llywelyn built Dolwyddelan Castle some time between 1210 and 1240, although after its capture by Edward I of England in 1283, the military importance of the area declined. In 1488, the lease on the area was bought by Maredudd ab Ieuan, and it later became part of the large Gwydir Estate. In the nineteenth century slate was mined in the area.

Toponymy

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The spelling of the village's name has varied over the years, though there appear to be two primary spellings with two primary meanings. The common modern spelling "Dolwyddelan" is translated as "Gwyddelan's meadow", referring to Saint Gwyddelan, an Irish missionary of the 6th century, after whom the parish church is named. There is some question as to which came first, the castle or the name. [5] Saint Gwyddelan is believed to have arrived around 600 AD.[6] A variant of this spelling is Dolwyddelen, which was used by the railway between 1880 and 1980.[7]

Before the First World War, the alternate spelling Dolyddelen was in common use; it is translated as "Elen's meadow",[8][9] named after Elen Luyddog.[10] Elen's Castle Hotel, which is on the east of the village, is also named after Elen Llyddog.

Geography

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The community lies in the valley of the Afon Lledr, which has its source in the south-west of the community on the eastern slopes of Ysgafell Wen. The river is approximately 10 miles (16 km) long, and exits the community approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) before its confluence with the River Conwy in Betws-y-Coed.[11]

Dolwyddelan is surrounded on the north, south, and west by the Moelwynion range, which is within the wider region of Snowdonia (Eryri). The northern skyline is dominated by Moel Siabod (872 m (2,861 ft)), the highest mountain in the community. Other peaks in the area include Y Cribau (591 m (1,939 ft)) and Ysgafell Wen 672 m (2,205 ft) in the west, and Yr Arddu (589 m (1,932 ft)), Moel Dyrnogydd (524 m (1,719 ft)), Moel Farlwydd (577 m (1,893 ft)), and Y Ro Wen (599 m (1,965 ft)) to the south. The summits of several of these peaks form the community boundary, including Moel Siabod.[11][12] Carreg Alltrem, a crag used by many rock climbers, is located about a mile south of the village.

History

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Gwydir Arms Hotel, Dolwyddelan, taken around 1875

The Lledr Valley contains a number of earthworks. On the side of Garnedd Pen y Bont to the north of Blaenau Dolwyddelan are a pair of huts dating from the Iron Age or Romano-British era.[13] Blaenau Dolwyddelan also contains Ty'n y Ddol, a medieval long hut 'of national importance.'[14] All three sites are scheduled monuments. A boundary bank marks part of the community's border with Beddgelert in the west, across the Bwlch y Rhediad pass between Carnedd y Cribau and Cerrig Cochion. It may originally have marked the boundary of lands belonging to Aberconwy Abbey, which are mentioned in a charter of c. 1198.[15]

Between Blaenau Dolwyddelan and Dolwyddelan are the remains of Tomen Castell, a small fortification which stood a rocky outcrop between the Afon Lledr and the later Dolwyddelan Castle. The outcrop falls away steeply to the north, east, and south, and was defended by a ditch on the west where the ground is less precipitous. At its summit are the fragmentary ruins of a small rectangular tower with outer dimensions of approximately 8.8m by 9.5m and walls approximately 2.3 to 2.95m thick. There is a tradition that the later castle was the birthplace of Llywelyn the Great, which would make it an eleventh-century structure, however it is more likely that he was born at Tomen Castell. The site was designated a scheduled monument in 1988.[15][16][17]

The lease on Dolwyddelan was purchased from the Crown by Maredudd ab Ieuan in 1488, and he restored the castle and built the present parish church. He later purchased neighbouring Gwydir and began building the present castle in 1515.[18] Under Maredudd's descendants, the Wynn family, the Gwydir Estate expanded to over 36,000 acres (150 km2) extending from near Blaenau Ffestiniog in the south to the edge of Conwy in the north. In 1678 the estate, and therefore Dolwyddelan, passed to the Barons Willoughby de Eresby, based in Lincolnshire, and in 1892 it became the property of Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 1st Earl of Ancaster. By the early 19th century the estate largely comprised the parishes of Dolwyddelan, Llanrhychwyn, Trefriw, and Gwydir, totalling some 55 square miles (140 km2). Much of the estate was under mortgage, and in 1894 Dolwyddelan was sold off.

In the Victorian period Dolwyddelan was surrounded by slate quarries.[19] These quarries worked the Nod Glas Formation, which extended across Mid and North Wales. It was primarily a bed of soft, black shale, but in the area of the Dolwyddelan syncline it was partially metamorphised into slate. The principal quarries were Prince Llewellyn, Chwarel Fedw, Chwarel Ddu, Ty'n-y-bryn, Penllyn, Rhiw-goch, and Ty'n-y-fallen.[20]

In 1980 Walt Disney used Dolwyddelan Castle and surrounding grounds to film the external castle scenes in the film Dragonslayer.[21]

Dolwyddelan Castle

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Main article: Dolwyddelan Castle
Dolwyddelan Castle from the path to Blaenau Dolwyddelan

Dolwyddelan Castle is located west of the village. The structure was likely begun by Llywelyn the Great between 1210 and 1240 in order to defend a north-south route within the Kingdom of Gwynedd. It was captured by King Edward I of England in 1283, and despite being immediately refortified its military significance subsequently declined. In 1488, Maredudd ab Ieuan purchased the lease and repaired the structure, but it was ruinous by the mid-nineteenth century. Between 1848 and 1850 the eastern tower was restored and reconstructed by Peter Drummond-Burrell, 22nd Baron Willoughby de Eresby, and in 1930 the castle was placed in state care; it is currently managed by Cadw, the Welsh Government's historic environment service. It was designated a grade I listed building in 1997, and is a scheduled monument.[15][22][23]

The castle consists of two towers on the east and west sides of a small knoll, linked by walls to form a roughly circular enclosure. Much of its building history is uncertain, but the eastern tower is the oldest structure. It has been heightened twice, first by either Edward I or Maredudd ab Ieuan, and second during the nineteenth century restoration. The western tower may have been constructed in the late thirteenth century by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, or shortly after the English capture of the castle.[15][22][23]

Saint Gwyddelan's Church

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St Gwyddelan's Church

The parish church was built in c. 1500, likely by Maredudd ab Ieuan, and was originally a single-cell building. A south chapel was added in the sixteenth century by Robert Wynn of Plas Mawr, Conwy, and a north porch shortly before 1850 by Baron Willoughby de Eresby, who also paid to have the church re-roofed.[15] It is a grade I listed building.[24]

The church contains several interesting fixtures and fittings. The oak rood screen and bronze bell inside the church, called Cloch Wydellan, may have come from the previous church at Bryn y Bedd, just east of the village. There is a second bell in the bell-cote, inscribed 'S Richard Win 1639'. The east window contains nearly 60 fragments of stained glass dating from c. 1500, and the north window a single quarry depicting St Christopher carrying the infant Christ. Part of Maredudd ab Ieuan's memorial brass survives and depicts him kneeling in armour. Next to it is the Wynn memorial, which commemorates Maredudd and his wives Alice, Gwenhwyfar, and Margaret; his son John "Wynn" ap Maredudd and his wife Elena; and his grandson Maurice Wynn and his wives Jane, Anne, and Katherine.[15] The lychgate outside the church collapsed after being accidentally hit in 2006, but was rebuilt in 2008 using new oak to replace the damaged sections.[24][25]

Transport

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Main articles: Dolwyddelan railway station, Pont-y-Pant railway station, and Roman Bridge railway station
Crimea Pass looking toward Dolwyddelan

The Conwy Valley railway line passes through the community, which contains three railway stations: Pont-y-Pant, Dolwyddelan, and Roman Bridge. All three stations are request stops.[26] After Roman Bridge the line enters the Ffestiniog Tunnel, which is 2.5 mi (4 km) long and passes beneath Moel Dyrnogydd before re-emerging shortly before Blaenau Ffestiniog railway station.[27]

Roman Bridge railway station is named after the nearby bridge, known as Pont Sarn-Ddu in Welsh, which is the original crossing point of the Afon Lledr on the Roman road from Blaenau to Dolwyddelan. It is possible that the bridge contains some medieval or earlier fabric, and the current stone roadway probably replaces a timber original.3157 The main road through the valley is now the A470, which enters the community from the east and passes through Dolwyddelan before turning south and climbing over the Crimea Pass (Bwlch y Gorddinan) to Blaenau Ffestiniog.

Governance

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Dolwyddelan has a community council, which meets six times per year in Dolwyddelan Community Centre.[28] The community is part of the Betws-y-Coed and Trefriw ward of Conwy County Borough Council, which consists of the communities of Betws-y-Coed, Capel Curig, Dolwyddelan, and Trefriw and elects one councillor.[29] In the Senedd, the elections for which use an additional-member system, Dolwyddelan is part of the Aberconwy constituency and the North Wales electoral region.[30][31] For the purposes of the Parliament of the United Kingdom the community is represented as part of the Aberconwy constituency.[32]

Notable residents

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References

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  1. ^ Dolweddelan comprises output areas W00000641 and W00000642, the data for which can be downloaded from "Number of usual residents in households and communal establishments". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 17 July 2023. Output areas can be found at "Census maps". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  2. ^ "Community population and percent of Welsh speakers 2011". Archived from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  3. ^ Dolweddelan comprises output areas W00000641 and W00000642, the data for which can be downloaded from "Number of usual residents in households and communal establishments". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 17 July 2023. Output areas can be found at "Census maps". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  4. ^ "Community population and percent of Welsh speakers 2011". Archived from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  5. ^ Bye-gones, Relating to Wales and the Border Counties. Caxton Works. 1878. These were men inhabiting this place before the grandfather of Sir John [Wynne] migrated here from Merioneth. The castle was built in the fifth century — very nearly a thousand years before his grandfather moved here, and two hundred years before Saint Gwyddelan was born.
  6. ^ "St Gwyddelan's Church, Dolwyddelan".
  7. ^ Bala to Llandudno, Mitchell & Smith, Middleton Press 2010
  8. ^ "Dolyddelen quarries". North Wales Journal. 21 March 1873.
  9. ^ Roberts, Askew (1879). The gossiping guide to Wales: illustrated with six maps, and Snowdon panorama. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
  10. ^ "Dolyddelen". Cambrian News. 3 December 1875. I do not want you to spell the name of my birthplace with the w. The name of the place is not derived from St. Gwyddelan... There are many old roads called "Ffyrdd Elen" and a well called "Ffynnon Elen" here, but no place called after St. Gwyddelan. It is evident this place was named Dolyddelen to commemorate Elen Llueddog
  11. ^ a b OL 18 Snowdonia Harlech & Bala Area. Ordnance Survey. 5 October 2000. ISBN 9780319160961.
  12. ^ "Community Map". map.conwy.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  13. ^ "Hut circles NW of Tyn-y-Ddol". Cadw. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  14. ^ "Ty'n y Ddol Medieval Long Hut". Cadw. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  15. ^ a b c d e f The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (1956). An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Caernarvonshire: I East: the Cantref of Arllechwedd and the Commote of Creuddyn. Vol. 1. pp. 76–84.
  16. ^ Barker, Louise (5 June 2008). "Tomen Castell, Dolwyddelan". Coflein. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  17. ^ "Scheduled Monument - Full Report - HeritageBill Cadw Assets - Reports". cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  18. ^ Lloyd, Jacob Youde William (1885). The History of the Princes, the Lords Marcher, and the Ancient Nobility of Powys Fadog, and the Ancient Lords of Arwystli, Cedewen, and Meirionydd. T. Richards. p. 228.
  19. ^ The Gentleman's Magazine. Bradbury, Evans. 1890. pp. 90–.
  20. ^ Richards, Alun John (1999). The Slate Regions of North and Mid Wales and Their Railways. Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. ISBN 978-0-86381-552-2.
  21. ^ "Dolwyddelan Castle". North Wales Daily Post. 18 September 2007. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  22. ^ a b Cadw (17 February 1997). "Dolwyddelan Castle (Grade I) (18253)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  23. ^ a b Avent, Richard (2004). Williams, Diane M. (ed.). Dolwyddelan Castle, Dolbadarn Castle, Castell y Bere. Cardiff: Cadw. ISBN 9781857602050.
  24. ^ a b "St Gwyddelan's Church". Coflein. 7 November 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  25. ^ "St Gwyddelan's Church | Dolwyddelan.org". Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  26. ^ McCarthy, James (19 February 2017). "The train stations in Wales where you have to ask to get on and off". WalesOnline. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  27. ^ Crompton, W J (2 February 2012). "Ffestiniog Tunnel, Blaenau Ffestiniog". Coflein. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  28. ^ "About us - Dolwyddelan Community Council". www.dolwyddelancc.org.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  29. ^ "Map of Conwy Electoral Divisions". www.conwy.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  30. ^ "Aberconwy" (PDF). Welsh Parliament. 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  31. ^ "North Wales" (PDF). Welsh Parliament. 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  32. ^ "Aberconwy". UK Parliament. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  33. ^ Owen Thomas, D.D., Cofiant Y Parchedig John Jones, Talsarn (Wrexham 1874)
  34. ^ The Western Mail, Monday 29 May 2000 : 'Playwright at 12 now film writer' : Karen Price Arts & Media Correspondent
  35. ^ Jones, Dave (19 July 2012). "Athletics: Rachel Johncock does us proud in World Junior Athletics Championships". Daily Post. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  36. ^ Evan David Jones (1959). "Ellis Pierce". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
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