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Hellenic Armed Forces

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Hellenic Armed Forces
Eλληνικές Ένοπλες Δυνάμεις
Coat of arms of the Hellenic Armed Forces
Founded1828
Current form1975
Service branches
HeadquartersAthens, Greece
Leadership
President Katerina Sakellaropoulou
Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis
Minister of National Defense Nikos Dendias
Chief of the General Staff General Dimitrios Houpis[1]
Personnel
Military age18
ConscriptionYes
Available for
military service		2,535,174 males, age 15–49 (2008 est.[3]),
2,517,273 females, age 15–49 (2008 est.[3])
Fit for
military service		2,084,469 males, age 15–49 (2008 est.[3]),
2,065,956 females, age 15–49 (2008 est.[3])
Reaching military
age annually		53,858 males (2008 est.[3]),
50,488 females (2008 est.[3])
Active personnel142,700[2]
Reserve personnel221,350[2]
Expenditure
Budget€ 7.126 billion (2024)[4]
Percent of GDP3.2% (2023) [5]
Related articles
HistoryMilitary history of Greece
RanksGreek military ranks

The Hellenic Armed Forces (Greek: Eλληνικές Ένοπλες Δυνάμεις, romanized: Ellinikés Énoples Dynámis) are the military forces of Greece. They consist of the Hellenic Army, the Hellenic Navy, and the Hellenic Air Force.

The civilian authority overseeing the Hellenic Armed Forces is the Ministry of National Defense.

History

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Main articles: History of the Hellenic Army, History of the Hellenic Navy, and History of the Hellenic Air Force

The Greek military, encompassing the army and navy, was established during the fight for independence from Ottoman rule in 1821. The air force was later introduced in September 1912 as the third arm of the military. Throughout the Balkan Wars of 1912/1913, the Greek armed forces achieved significant victories against the Ottoman and Bulgarian armies, effectively expanding Greece's territorial boundaries. The Kingdom of Greece aligned with the Entente powers during World War I and participated in the intervention in the Russian Civil War in 1919.

However, the conflict between Greece and Turkey, reignited in the early 1920s, concluded in the autumn of 1922 with a severe setback for Greece, known as the "Asia Minor Catastrophe." In World War II, under the leadership of dictator Ioannis Metaxas, Greece rebuffed an ultimatum for surrender from Italy on October 28, 1940. Greek forces managed to repel the Italian invasion, driving them back across the Albanian border. Nonetheless, the combined forces of the German Wehrmacht and Bulgarian military in April and May 1941 (during the Balkan campaign) overpowered Greek resistance. Subsequent to this defeat, segments of the Greek army evacuated to Egypt, where they joined the British Expeditionary Force in continuing the struggle against Axis forces. Following the German withdrawal in 1944, Greece was embroiled in a civil war from March 1946 until October 1949.

Greek soldiers also participated in the Korean War from 1951 to 1955. Since February 18, 1952, Greece has been a fully-fledged member of NATO.

Conscription

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Greece currently has universal compulsory military service for males from and over 18 years of age. Under Greek law, all men over 18 years of age must serve in the Armed Forces for a period of 9-12 months. Women can serve in the Greek military on a voluntary basis, but cannot be conscripted.

Budget

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See also: List of countries in Europe by military expenditures

According to NATO sources in 2008, Greece spent 2.8% of GDP on its military, which translated to about €6.9 billion (US$9.3 billion).[6] In 2008, Greece was the largest importer of conventional weapons in Europe and its military spending was the highest in the European Union relative to the country's GDP, reaching twice the European average.[7][6]

Data for the 2017 fiscal year showed an estimated expense of €4.3 billion in constant 2010 prices, or €4.2 billion in current prices, equivalent to 2.38% of GDP (+0.01 change since 2016). For the 2018 fiscal year, the expenditure was estimated at €4.3 billion in constant 2010 prices or €4.1 billion in current prices, equivalent to 2.27% of GDP (-0.11% change since 2017).[8]

Military personnel

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Military personnel was estimated at 106,000 for year 2017 and 105,000 for year 2018.[8]

International operations

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Greece is an EU and NATO member and currently participates primarily in peacekeeping operations. Such operations are ISAF in Afghanistan, EUFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Chad, and KFOR in Kosovo. Greece also maintains a small force in Cyprus.[9][10][11]

Component forces and their organization

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Hellenic National Defense General Staff

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Main article: Hellenic National Defense General Staff

The Hellenic National Defense General Staff has the operational command of the Joint Armed Forces Headquarters and the units that operate under them. It is also responsible for organising and implementing routine operations and exercises of the Joint Armed Forces, coordinating and implementing operations during the management of wartime and peacetime crises and overseeing operations of the Hellenic Armed Forces outside Greek national territory.[12]

Hellenic Army

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Main article: Hellenic Army

The basic components of the Hellenic Army are Arms and Corps. The former is responsible for combat missions and the latter for logistical support. It is organized in Commands, Formations, and Units with the main being brigade, division and corps. Its main mission is to guarantee the territorial integrity and independence of the country.[12]

Hellenic Navy

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Main article: Hellenic Navy

The Hellenic Navy incorporates a modern fleet consisting of strike units, such as frigates, gunboats, submarines and fast attack guided missile vessels and multiple types of support vessels, in order to be able to conduct naval operations that protect Greek national interests and guarantee the integrity of Greek territorial waters, the mainland and the islands.[12]

Hellenic Air Force

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Main article: Hellenic Air Force

The Hellenic Air Force incorporates a modern aircraft fleet and congruent structure, combined with a comprehensive air defense system that consists of a widespread network of anti-aircraft weapons. The structure, which is overseen by the Air Force General Staff, includes the Tactical Air Force Command, the Air Force Support Command, the Air Force Training Command and a number of other independent defense units and services.[12] Its main mission is to defend Greek airspace and to provide combat support to the Hellenic Army and the Hellenic Navy.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Dimitris Houpis is the new Greek military chief". Greek City Times. 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  2. ^ a b International Institute for Strategic Studies (25 February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. London: Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 9781032012278.
  3. ^ CIA World Factbook, [1]
  4. ^ "Boosting the Greek defence industry". European Parliament. 18 July 2024. Archived from the original on 14 August 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  5. ^ https://milex.sipri.org/sipri [bare URL]
  6. ^ a b "Greece - Military Spending". globalsecurity.org.
  7. ^ Frank Slijper (April 2013). "Guns, Debt and Corruption Military spending and the EU crisis" (PDF).
  8. ^ a b "Defense Expenditure of NATO Countries (2011–2018)" (PDF). NATO. 10 July 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  9. ^ "Ο Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας επισκέφθηκε στρατόπεδο της ΕΛΔΥΚ". Ο Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας επισκέφθηκε στρατόπεδο της ΕΛΔΥΚ. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  10. ^ "Participation of Hellenic Armed Forces in KFOR – Interconnection of Military* Hospitals". 23 November 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  11. ^ GEETHA (20 November 2019). "Afghanistan (ISAF)". Hellenic National Defence General Staff - Official Website. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  12. ^ a b c d "mod.gr - - . ". Archived from the original on 7 March 2005.
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