Archosargus probatocephalus
| Archosargus probatocephalus | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Acanthuriformes |
| Family: | Sparidae |
| Genus: | Archosargus |
| Species: | A. probatocephalus
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| Binomial name | |
| Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum, 1792)
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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Archosargus probatocephalus, the sheepshead, sheepshead seabream or convict fish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, the seabreams and porgies. This species is found in the Western Atlantic Ocean. The sheepshead is an important species to recreational and commercial fisheries.
Taxonomy
[edit]Archosargus probatocephalus was first formally described as Sparus probatocephalus by the German physician, naturalist and taxonomist Johann Julius Walbaum with no type locality given, although it is thought to be New York.[2] The Southern sheepshead (A. aries) is regarded as a separate valid species by some authorities[3] but is not recognised as such by FishBase.[4] The genus Archosargus is placed in the family Sparidae within the order Spariformes by the 5th edition of Fishes of the World.[5] Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Sparinae,[3] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae.[5]
Etymology
[edit]Archosargus probatocephalus has a specific name which compounds probaton, meaning "sheep", with cephalus, which means "head", reflecting its common name, sheepshead, which it was most likely given because of some sheep-like features, such as having large teeth protruding from an open mouth.[6]
Description
[edit]Archosargus probatocephalus has an oval shaped, deep, laterally compressed body with a small blunt head, the dorsal and ventral profiles of the head being convex. It has moderately sized eyes, a small horizontal mouth and the preorbital bone overlaps the rear of the maxilla. The teeth at the front of the jaw are broad and flattened, the upper jaw has three rows of molar-like teeth at the sides. The margin of the preoperculum is smooth, with no serrations or spines. The dorsal fin is long and not high and is supported by 12 spines, the front spine points towards the front and may be embedded, and 11 soft rays. The anal fin contains three spines, the second spine being very robust, and 9 or 10 soft rays. The pectoral fin is long, clearly greater in length than the pelvic fins, extending to the level of the middle spine of the anal fin. The caudal fin is forked.[7] The adults are silvery to greenish-yellow with olive on the upper body. Along the flanks there are five or six dark vertical bars, these fade with age. The caudal and pectoral fins are greenish in colour while the dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins are dark.[8] The sheepshead reaches a maximum published total length of 91 cm (36 in), although 35 cm (14 in) is more typical.[9]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Archosargus probatocephalus is found in the Western Atlantic Ocean where it ranges from Nova Scotia to Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea.[1] It mainly occurs in coastal waters in the vicinity of rock pilings, jetties, mangrove roots, and piers, also in tidal creeks. It is euryhaline and shows a preference for brackish waters. It looks for warmer spots around springs and discharges of rivers and will occasionally enter freshwater in the winter.[8]
Biology
[edit]Archosargus probatocephalus is an omnivore, the larger juveniles and adults are predators of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), oysters, clams, crustaceans, and small fish with the young Atlantic croakers (Micropogonias undulatus) The large flattened teeth are used to crush prey protected by shells or armor as well as to scrape barnacles off rocks and pilings. Juveniles feed on zooplankton, polychaetes, and chironomid larvae.[8]
Populations of this fish in the Atlantic waters off the southern United States spawn mainly in the early spring, however, pelagic larvae have been observed in late winter and Spring in the Gulf of Mexico. Adults move to farther offshore to spawn, moving back to coastal waters and estuaries. The juveniles are most numerous in [sea grass] beds and over mud substrates, once they grow to a length of around 50 mm (2.0 in), they leave the sea grass beds and aggregate with the adults.[8]
Fishing
[edit]Archosargus probatocephalus feeds on bivalves and crustaceans,[10] so successful baits include shrimp, sand fleas (mole crabs), clams, fiddler crabs, and mussels.[11] Sheepshead have a knack for stealing bait, so a small hook is necessary.[11] Locating sheepshead with a boat is not difficult: fishermen look for rocky bottoms or places with obstructions, jetties, and the pilings of bridges and piers.[11] The average weight of a sheepshead is 1.4 to 1.8 kg (3 to 4 lb), but some individuals reach the range of 4.5 to 6.8 kg (10 to 15 lb).[11] This species was subjected to overfishing in the past, and is again becoming more important to commercial fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico as more desirable species, like red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), decrease through overfishing.[12]
Parasites
[edit]As with other fish, the sheepshead has a variety of parasites. One of them is the monogenean Microcotyle archosargi, which is parasitic on its gills.[13][14]
Sheepshead Bay
[edit]Archosargus probatocephalus has Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn named after its common name, this fish was found in the waters of the Bay.[15][16]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Carpenter, K.E.; MacDonald, T.; Russell, B. & Vega-Cendejas, M. (2014). "Archosargus probatocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T170223A1296293. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T170223A1296293.en. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
- ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Archosargus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ a b Parenti, P. (2019). "An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae". FishTaxa. 4 (2): 47–98.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Archosargus". FishBase. October 2023 version.
- ^ a b Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 502–506. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.
- ^ "Order SPARIFORMES: Families LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ "Species: Archosargus probatocephalus, Sheepshead, Sheepshead Bream". Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean online information. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ a b c d Cathleen Bester and Robert H. Robins. "Archosargus probatocephalus". Discover Fishes. Florida Museum. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Archosargus probatocephalus". FishBase. October 2023 version.
- ^ "Sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus)". Tpwd.state.tx.us. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
- ^ a b c d Gillis, Chad (6 March 2008). "Fishing 101: Sheepshead Porgy". naplesnews.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2008.
- ^ Samantha Setta (19 August 2021). "Sheepshead, a lesson from the past". 0cean Bites. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ Nicolas Bailly (2008). "Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum, 1792)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ MacCallum, G.A. (1913). "Further notes on the genus Microcotyle". Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere. 35: 389–402.
- ^ Davis, Nicole (12 July 2013). "The Naming of Sheepshead Bay". Brooklyn Based.
- ^ Stiles, H.R.; Brockett, L.P.; Proctor, L.B. (1884). The Civil, Political, Professional and Ecclesiastical History, and Commercial and Industrial Record of the County of Kings and the City of Brooklyn, N. Y. from 1683 to 1884. New York: county and regional histories and atlases. Munsell. p. 172. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
External links
[edit]
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 822.
- Archosargus probatocephalus Smithsonian Marine Station
- Sheedshead Information Florida Shore Fishing Page
- Photos of Archosargus probatocephalus on Sealife Collection