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Law officers of the Crown

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The law officers are the senior legal advisors to His Majesty's Government of the United Kingdom and devolved governments of Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. They are variously referred to as the Attorney General, Solicitor General, Lord Advocate, or Advocate General depending on seniority and geography – though other terms are also in use, such as the Counsel General for Wales. Law officers in these roles are distinguished by being political appointees, while also being bound by the duties of independence, justice and confidentiality among the other typical professional commitments of lawyers.[1] These roles do not have any direct oversight of prosecutions nor do they directly lead or influence criminal investigations. This is a distinguishing factor between law officers and the state attorneys general of the United States or US Attorney General.

Each British Overseas Territory, apart from the British Indian Ocean Territory, also has its own Attorney General. Many Commonwealth countries or those with a history of British colonisation retain these titles, though their particular roles and responsibilities may differ from the roles in the United Kingdom.

There are eight Law Offices in the United Kingdom, though not all serve the Westminster Government.[1] The role of Attorney General for England and Wales and Advocate General for Northern Ireland, held by the Lord Hermer since 5 July 2024. He is supported by the Solicitor General for England and Wales. The Scottish Government has two law officers, the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General for Scotland, with the Lord Advocate being the most senior law officer in Scotland and is the chief legal adviser to the Scottish Government. Following devolution, a new position of Advocate General for Scotland was created to advise the UK Government on matters of Scots law.[1] The office of the Advocate General for Scotland should not be confused with that of "His Majesty's Advocate", which is the term used for the Lord Advocate in Scottish criminal proceedings as the head of the systems of prosecution in Scotland. The Welsh Government has its own law officer: the Counsel General for Wales; as does the Northern Irish executive: the Attorney General for Northern Ireland.[1]

The two Attorneys General for the Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall are non-political appointments. They are not typically being referred to when the term law officer is used, as this tends to be reserved for political appointees.

Law officers of the United Kingdom

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England

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Main articles: Attorney General for England and Wales and Solicitor General for England and Wales

The Attorney General for England and Wales, a member of the UK Government, is similarly the chief law officer of the Crown in England and Wales and advises and represents the Crown and government departments in court. By convention, and unlike the papers of other ministers, this legal advice is available to subsequent governments. In the second half of the 20th century it became unusual for the Attorney General to be formally a member of the Cabinet. Rather he/she would attend only when the Cabinet required legal advice.

The Attorney General oversees the small Attorney General's Office and also has responsibility for the Government Legal Department, which is headed by the Treasury Solicitor. In practice, the Treasury Solicitor (who also has the title of Procurator General) normally provides the lawyers or briefs Treasury Counsel to appear in court, although the Attorney General may appear in person. The person appointed to this role provides legal advice to the Government, acts as the representative of the public interest and resolves issues between government departments. The Government Legal Department provides advice to government departments, instructing independent counsel where necessary. The Attorney General is a barrister and can appear in court in person, though in practice he/she rarely does so, and then only in cases of outstanding national importance. In those cases the Government Legal Department provides his back-up. When appearing in court in person he/she is addressed by the judge as "Mr. Attorney".

The Attorney General also has supervisory powers over prosecutions, including those mounted by the Crown Prosecution Service, headed by the Director of Public Prosecutions; the Serious Fraud Office; and the Revenue and Customs Prosecutions Office. While the Attorney General is not personally involved with prosecutions, some prosecutions (e.g. rioting) cannot be commenced without their consent, and they generally have the power to halt prosecutions. Criminal prosecutions are the responsibility of the Crown Prosecution Service, headed by the Director of Public Prosecutions. The Attorney General may appeal cases to the higher courts where, although the particular case is settled, there may be a point of law of public importance at issue.

The Attorney General has public interest functions, being, for example, the trustee of default where a sole trustee has died, and can also take cases to the Supreme Court where points of general legal importance need to be settled.

The Attorney General's deputy is the Solicitor General for England and Wales, held by Sarah Sackman, since 9 July 2024. Under the Law Officers Act 1997, the Solicitor General may do anything on behalf of, or in the place of, the Attorney General, and vice versa.

Northern Ireland

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Main articles: Advocate General for Northern Ireland and Attorney General for Northern Ireland

Since the prorogation of the Parliament of Northern Ireland in 1972, the Attorney General for England and Wales was also Attorney General for Northern Ireland. The separate office of Attorney General for Northern Ireland was re-created alongside the new office of Advocate General for Northern Ireland upon the devolution of policing and justice powers to the Northern Ireland Assembly on 12 April 2010. As a result, these functions were split between:

Scotland

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Main articles: Advocate General for Scotland, Lord Advocate, and Solicitor General for Scotland
Current Solicitor General Ruth Charteris KC and current Lord Advocate Dorothy Bain KC

Under the 1999 constitutional reforms brought about by the Scotland Act 1998,[5] the Lord Advocate has become the most senior law officer of the Scottish Government,[6] acting as the chief legal adviser, as well as ultimately being responsible for the functioning of Scots law with all prosecutions on indictment in Scotland being conducted in the name of the Lord Advocate.[7] The Lord Advocate does not attend Scottish cabinet meetings, however, they do see all cabinet papers and may be required to, along with the Solicitor General, attend cabinet meetings where the topic of discussion is relating to a matter of which the Lord Advocate and Solicitor General is responsible for, such as a specific legal aspect or the operations, functioning and funding of the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service.[8] Although not a member of the Scottish cabinet, the Lord Advocate is a member of the Cabinet Sub-Committee on Legislation, and contributes to the drafting, delivery and implementation of parliamentary bills and subsequent laws by way of attending Ministerial Bill Management Meetings.[9] and The office holder of the post of Lord Advocate is the chief legal adviser to the Scottish Government and the crown in Scotland.[10]

The Lord Advocate is not head of the Faculty of Advocates; that position is held by the Dean of the Faculty of Advocates. The position of Lord Advocate is the most senior of the two Scottish law officers, and the Lord Advocate is a member of the Scottish Government. The Lord Advocate serves as the head of the criminal prosecution system and has sole responsibility for the investigation of deaths within Scotland. Additionally, the Lord Advocate is the sole, principal legal adviser to the Scottish Government and acts as the representative of the Scottish Government within civil proceedings and hearings.[11] They have the power to refer a bill of the Scottish Parliament to the Supreme Court within the four week timeframe period to allow the Supreme Court to determine whether any aspect of a Scottish parliamentary bill or any associated provisions of a bill are out–with the legislative competence of the Scottish Parliament, should it be disputed by any member of either the Scottish Parliament, UK Parliament or any other Scottish or UK politician.[12]

The Lord Advocate, held by Dorothy Bain, since 22 June 2021, heads the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service and is the chief public prosecutor in Scotland. It is not within the powers of the Scottish Parliament to remove the incumbent Lord Advocate from their post as head of the systems of criminal prosecution and investigation of deaths. Like other law officers elsewhere in the United Kingdom, the Lord Advocate has a statutory duty in ensuring that all bills passed by the Scottish Parliament are within its legislative competence. The Lord Advocate has specific duties granted under the Scotland Act 1998 which allows them to investigate and resolve legal questions and concerns about the devolved powers of both the Scottish ministers and the Scottish Parliament.[13]

The Lord Advocate is assisted by the Solicitor General for Scotland, held by Ruth Charteris, since 22 June 2021. The Solicitor General is the deputy to the Lord Advocate, and act as an assistant to the Lord Advocate undertaking their functions.[14] As with the Lord Advocate, the Solicitor General is appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the incumbent First Minister of Scotland.[15] As well as supporting the Lord Advocate in the delivery of the Lord Advocate's functions, the Solicitor General may also exert their statutory and common law powers, where necessary.[16] Both the Lord Advocate and Solicitor General for Scotland are independent from the Scottish Government and its ministers in connection to criminal prosecutions and death investigations within Scotland. The duty to act independently on matters from both the Scottish Government and Scottish ministers is recognised in Section 48(5) of the Scotland Act 1998.[17]

Meanwhile, the United Kingdom Government is advised on Scots law by the Advocate General for Scotland, and from 1707 to 1998, the Lord Advocate was the chief legal adviser of the British Government and the Crown on Scottish legal matters, both civil and criminal, until the Scotland Act 1998 devolved most domestic affairs to the Scottish Parliament. Since the re–establishment of the Scottish Parliament and Scottish Government in 1999, there has been a reduced role of the British Government in Scots law. The office of Advocate to the monarch is an ancient one, pre–dating the Treaty of Union 1707 and existed in the pre–union Kingdom of Scotland. The first recorded Lord Advocate was Sir John Ross of Montgrenan, who is formally mentioned in 1483.[18] At this time the post was generally called the King's Advocate and only in the year 1573 was the term "Lord Advocate" first used.[19]

Wales

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Main article: Counsel General for Wales

Under the Government of Wales Act 2006, the Counsel General for Wales is the chief legal adviser to, and a member of, the Welsh Government.

Non-political attorneys general

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Some subjects are entitled to have an attorney general: these include a queen consort and the Prince of Wales, who has an Attorney General for the Duchy of Cornwall. There is also an Attorney-General of the Duchy of Lancaster, which is a mostly landed inheritance that is held by the Crown (in trust for the monarch) and administered independently of the monarch under the supervision of a government minister, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.

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Before the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922, the legal advisers to the Crown in the Courts of Ireland were the Attorney-General for Ireland and the Solicitor-General for Ireland. These offices became redundant in 1921.

The Crown also had a legal adviser for the High Court of Admiralty, known as the Admiralty Advocate, but this office lapsed in 1875 when the Admiralty Court became part of the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division of the High Court of Justice.

The Crown's representative in the ecclesiastical courts of England was the King's Advocate (or Queen's Advocate when the monarch was female). This office has been vacant since the resignation of its last holder in 1872.[20]

Though not defunct, the Judge-Advocate General was ranked among the law officers until the beginning of the 19th century.

Current law officers of the Crown

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Law officer Name
Government of the United Kingdom
Attorney General for England and Wales
Advocate General for Northern Ireland 		The Lord Hermer, PC KC 5 July 2024
Solicitor General for England and Wales Sarah Sackman, MP 9 July 2024
Advocate General for Scotland Catherine Smith, KC 29 August 2024
Scottish Government
Lord Advocate Dorothy Bain, KC 22 June 2021
Solicitor General for Scotland Ruth Charteris, KC 22 June 2021
Welsh Government
Counsel General for Wales Mick Antoniw, MS 13 May 2021
Northern Ireland Executive
Attorney General for Northern Ireland Dame Brenda King, DCB 18 August 2020
Royal Family
Attorney-General of the Duchy of Lancaster Sonia Tolaney 30 October 2020
Attorney-General of the Duchy of Cornwall Sharif Shivji December 2020

Attorneys General of the British Overseas Territories

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Flag Arms Name Law officer
Anguilla Dwight Horsford,[21] Attorney General of Anguilla
Bermuda Kathy Lynn Simmonds,[22] Attorney General of Bermuda
British Antarctic Territory James Woods QC,[23] Attorney General British Antarctic Territory
British Indian Ocean Territory N/A - The territory is administered from London.[24]

Paul Candler is HM Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory[25]

British Virgin Islands Dawn J Smith,[26] Attorney General of the British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands Samuel W. Bulgin QC,[27] Attorney General of the Cayman Islands
Falkland Islands Simon Young,[28] Joint Attorney General of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and the Falkland Islands
Gibraltar Michael Llamas QC,[29] Attorney General of Gibraltar
Montserrat Sheree Jemmotte-Rodney, Attorney General of Montserrat
Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands Simon Mount,[30] Attorney General of Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands.
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha,
including: 		Allen Cansick,[31] Attorney General for Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.
Saint Helena
Ascension Island
Tristan da Cunha
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Simon Young,[28] Joint Attorney General of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and the Falkland Islands
Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Matthew Heydon,[32] Attorney General and Legal Advisor of the Sovereign Base, Akrotiri and Dhekelia[33]
Turks and Caicos Islands Hon. Rhondalee Moreen Braithwaite-Knowles,[34] Attorney General of the Turks and Caicos Islands.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d McCormick, Conor (Queen's University Belfast); Cowie, Graeme (HoC Library) (28 May 2020). Briefing Paper - The Law Officers: a Constitutional and Functional Overview (PDF) (Report). House of Commons Library. Number 08919.
  2. ^ "Attorney General's Office: Statement on Northern Ireland devolution". 12 April 2010. archived on 17 August 2012
  3. ^ "Justice (Northern Ireland) Act 2002", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 2002 c. 26
  4. ^ "OFMDFM: Appointment of Attorney General announced". 24 May 2010. Archived from the original on 24 April 2011.
  5. ^ sections 44 and 87, Scotland Act 1998
  6. ^ "Lord Advocate: role and functions". Gov.scot. Scottish Government. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  7. ^ "Lord Advocate". Gov.scot. Scottish Government. 16 August 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  8. ^ "Lord Advocate: role and functions". Gov.scot. Scottish Government. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  9. ^ "Lord Advocate: role and functions". Gov.scot. Scottish Government. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  10. ^ "Lord Advocate: role and functions". The Scottish Government. Scottish Government. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  11. ^ "Lord Advocate: role and functions". The Scottish Government. Scottish Government. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  12. ^ "Lord Advocate: role and functions". Gov.scot. Scottish Government. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  13. ^ "Lord Advocate: role and functions". Gov.scot. Scottish Government. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  14. ^ "Our leadership and structure". Copfs.gov.uk. Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  15. ^ "Our leadership and structure". Copfs.gov.uk. Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  16. ^ "Solicitor General". Gov.scot. Scottish Government. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  17. ^ "Lord Advocate: role and functions". Gov.scot. Scottish Government. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  18. ^ Fifth Report of Session 2006-07: Constitutional Role of the Attorney General (PDF). House of Common Constitutional Affairs Committee. 19 July 2007. p. 145. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  19. ^ "Borthwick".
  20. ^ Haydn's Book of Dignities, 1894
  21. ^ "Attorney General's Chambers". Government of Anguilla. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  22. ^ "Bermuda Parliament". parliament.bm. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  23. ^ "Who We Are". British Antarctic Territory. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  24. ^ "British Indian Ocean Territory". UK Government. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  25. ^ "Appointment of New Commissioner for BIOT, Paul Candler". British Indian Ocean Territory. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  26. ^ "Dawn J. Smith Appointed Attorney General". British Virgin Islands (BVI) London Office. 21 September 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  27. ^ "Portfolio of Legal Affairs". Cayman Islands Government.
  28. ^ a b "Law and Regulation Directorate". Falkland Islands Government. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  29. ^ "Gibraltar Law Offices - Attorney General". HM Government of Gibraltar. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  30. ^ "Alumni appointed Queen's Counsel - The University of Auckland". 15 March 2018. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  31. ^ Government, St Helena (20 November 2019). "Allen Cansick Sworn In as Attorney General". St Helena Government. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  32. ^ "Matthew Heydon - Akrotiri AG" (PDF).
  33. ^ "Attorney General Legal Advisor". Sovereign Base Areas Administration. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  34. ^ "Leadership Profiles". Attorney General's Chambers - Turks and Caicos Islands. 20 June 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
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