Battle of Cynwit

Battle of Cynwit
	Part of the Viking invasions of England
	; Cannington hill fort, a possible site of the battle
Date	878
Location	Uncertain
Result	West Saxon victory
Belligerents
West Saxons	Vikings
Commanders and leaders
Odda, Ealdorman of Devon	Ubba †
Strength
Unknown	1,200
Casualties and losses
Unknown	800

The Battle of Cynwit^[a] or Countisbury Hill^[1] took place between West Saxons and Vikings in 878. The location of the fortress the battle is named for is not known with certainty but probably was at Countisbury Hill or Wind Hill,^[2] near Countisbury, Devon. A possible alternative site for the siege and battle is Cannington Camp in the Parrett estuary near Combwich.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Prelude

The Viking army was said to have been led by Ubba,^[b] brother of Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan Ragnarsson, and sailed from Dyfed (where they had overwintered) to land on the coast at Countisbury^[c] with 23 ships and 1200 men.^[1]^[3] On landing, the Viking army discovered that the West Saxons had taken refuge in a stronghold at "Cynuit", possibly Countisbury. According to the 10th century chronicler Æthelweard, the West Saxons were led by Odda, the ealdorman of Devon.^[9]^[7] The Vikings perceived that the stronghold was unprepared for battle and decided to besiege it, as it did not seem to have any food or water supply.^[1]

Battle

According to Alfred's biographer Asser,^[d] the West Saxons burst out of the fortress one day at dawn and were able to overwhelm the Viking forces, killing their leader and over eight hundred of his men. They also captured the fabled "raven banner".^[11] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded:

And the same winter the brother of Hingwar and of Halfdene came with twenty-three ships to Devonshire in Wessex; and he was there slain, and with him eight hundred and forty men of his army: and there was taken the war-flag which they called the Raven.
— Giles 1914, ASC 878

Track up Wind Hill (Countisbury Hill) probable site of the battle

Modern interpretation of the Raven banner.

Cannington Camp a possible site of the battle.^[3]

Aftermath

At the time of the battle, Alfred the Great of Wessex was on the run from the Vikings in the marshes of Somerset. It was therefore an important victory for the West Saxons won by someone other than Alfred, who was then leading English resistance to the Viking invasions.^[11] In addressing the year 878, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle claimed that "all but Alfred the King" had been subdued by the Vikings' Great Heathen Army:

This year, during midwinter, after twelfth night, the army stole away to Chippenham, and overran the land of the West-Saxons, and sat down there; and many of the people they drove beyond sea, and of the remainder the greater part they subdued and forced to obey them, except king Alfred
— Giles 1914, ASC 878

The Battle of Cynwit was one of several triumphant stories recorded by Asser and the Chronicle in 878, ultimately culminating in the English victory over the Vikings at the Battle of Edington.^[11]

In fiction

The battle appears in The Marsh King, a children's historical novel by C. Walter Hodges, where its location is called "Kynwit". Although this novel is about King Alfred, it gives due credit to Ealdorman Odda for this victory, although the description of the battle may not be very accurate, showing the Vikings as making a landing at night and being defeated immediately on the landing ground.^{[citation needed]}

The battle also features in Bernard Cornwell's novel The Last Kingdom. Cornwell ascribes the victory, as well as the killing of Ubba, to his hero Uhtred, though he is supported by forces commanded by Odda.^[12]

The battle is featured in BBC's and Netflix's presentation of The Last Kingdom. Like the novel that the show is based on, the battle culminates with the show's protagonist Uhtred of Bebbanburg slaying the Viking warlord Ubba in a duel, before Odda's reinforcements arrive to continue and ultimately win the battle.^{[citation needed]}

Notes

^ The spelling used by Asser. Alternative spellings of Cynwit include Cynuit and Kynwit.
^ The Anglo Saxon Chronicle does not name the leader of the Vikings but by tradition it is said to have been Ubba.^[7] Legend has it that Ubba's father was Ragnar Lodbrok. However, there is no references in the annals to support this assertion.^[8]
^ A possible, alternative site for the siege and battle was at was Cannington Camp in the Parrett estuary near Combwich^[3]
^ The historian, Barbara Yorke suggests that Asser's detailed account of the area may indicate that he visited the site of the siege.^[10]

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c Keynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 83–84.
^ Historic England & 1020807.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d James 2013, pp. 31–32.
^ Baggs & Siraut 1992, pp. 73–76.
^ National Trust 2014.
^ Exmoor National Park 2014.
^ ^a ^b Keynes & Lapidge 1983, p. 298 n.99.
^ Munch 1926, p. 358.
^ Giles 1906, p. 31.
^ Yorke 1995, p. 105.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hindley 2015, pp. 192–193.
^ Cornwell 2005.

References

Baggs, A P; Siraut, M C. (1992). "Cannington". In Dunning, R W; Elrington, C R (eds.). A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 6: Andersfield, Cannington, and North Petherton Hundreds (Bridgwater and neighbouring parishes). British History Online. pp. 73–76. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
Cornwell, Bernard (2005). The Last Kingdom. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-714991-3.
Exmoor National Park (2014). "MDE1236 - Countisbury Castle or Wind Hill Promontory Fort". Exmoor's Past. Exmoor National Park. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
Giles, J.A. (1914). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle . London: G. Bell and Sons Ltd. – via Wikisource.
Giles, J A, ed. (1906). "The Chronicle of Fabius Ethelwerd". Six Old English Chronicles. London: Henry G. Bohn. OCLC 59720584.
Hindley, Geoffrey (2015). The Anglo Saxons. London: Robinson. ISBN 978-1-84529-161-7.
Historic England. "Earthwork defences of Countisbury Castle promontory fort (1020807)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
James, Jeffrey (2013). An Onslaught of Spears: The Danish Conquest of England. The History Press. ISBN 9780750951982.
Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (1983). Alfred the Great, Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044409-2.
Munch, Peter Andreas (1926). Norse Mythology: Legends of Gods and Heroes (English : Reiss. [of the ed.] New York: American-Scandinavian Foundation ed.). Detroit: Singing Tree Press. OCLC 917739133.
National Trust (2014). "Countisbury circular walk via Winston's Path". National Trust. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
Yorke, Barbara (1995). Wessex in the Early Middle Ages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16639-X.